1. Installing

This section describes what you need to install Charliecloud and how to do so.

Note that installing and using Charliecloud can be done as a normal user with no elevated privileges, provided that user namespaces have been enabled.

1.1. Build and install from source

1.1.1. Using release tarball

We provide tarballs with a fairly standard configure script. Thus, build and install can be as simple as:

$ ./configure
$ make
$ sudo make install

If you don’t have sudo, you can:

  • Run Charliecloud directly from the build directory; add $BUILD_DIR/bin to your $PATH and you are good to go, without make install.

  • Install in a prefix you have write access to, e.g. in your home directory with ./configure --prefix=~.

configure will provide a detailed report on what will be built and installed, along with what dependencies are present and missing.

1.1.2. From Git checkout

If you obtain the source code with Git, you must build configure and friends yourself. To do so, you will need the following. The versions in most common distributions should be sufficient.

  • Automake

  • Autoconf

  • Python’s pip3 package installer and its wheel extension

Create configure with:

$ ./autogen.sh

This script has a few options; see its --help.

Note that Charliecloud disables Automake’s “maintainer mode” by default, so the build system (Makefiles, configure, etc.) will never automatically be rebuilt. You must run autogen.sh manually if you need this. You can also re-enable maintainer mode with configure if you like, though this is not a tested configuration.

1.1.3. configure options

Charliecloud’s configure has the following options in addition to the standard ones.

1.1.3.1. Feature selection: --disable-FOO

By default, all features that can be built will be built and installed. You can exclude some features with:

option

don’t build/install

--disable-ch-image

ch-image unprivileged builder & image manager

--disable-html

HTML documentation

--disable-man

man pages

--disable-syslog

logging to syslog (see individual man pages)

--disable-tests

test suite

You can also say --enable-FOO to fail the build if FOO can’t be built.

1.1.3.2. Dependency selection: --with-FOO

Some dependencies can be specified as follows. Note only some of these support --with-FOO=no, as listed.

--with-libsquashfuse={yes,no,PATH}

Whether to link with libsquashfuse. Options:

  • If not specified: Look for libsquashfuse in standard install locations and link with it if found. Otherwise disable internal SquashFS mount, with no warning or error.

  • yes: Look for libsquashfuse in standard locations and link with it if found; otherwise, error.

  • no: Disable libsquashfuse linking and internal SquashFS mounting, even if it’s installed.

  • Path to libsquashfuse install prefix: Link with libsquashfuse found there, or error if not found, and add it to ch-run’s RPATH. (Note this argument is not the directory containing the shared library or header file.)

Note: A very specific version and configuration of SquashFUSE is required. See below for details.

--with-python=SHEBANG

Shebang line to use for Python scripts. Default: /usr/bin/env python3.

--with-sphinx-build=PATH

Path to sphinx-build executable. Default: the sphinx-build found first in $PATH.

--with-sphinx-python=PATH

Path to Python used by sphinx-build. Default: shebang of sphinx-build.

1.1.3.3. Less strict build: --enable-buggy-build

Please do not use this option routinely, as that hides bugs that we cannot find otherwise.

By default, Charliecloud builds with CFLAGS including -Wall -Werror. The principle here is that we prefer diagnostics that are as noisy as practical, so that problems are identified early and we can fix them. We prefer -Werror unless there is a specific reason to turn it off. For example, this approach identified a buggy configure test (issue #798).

Many others recommend the opposite. For example, Gentoo’s “Common mistakes” guide advises against -Werror because it causes breakage that is “random” and “without purpose”. There is a well-known blog post from Flameeyes that recommends -Werror be off by default and used by developers and testers only.

In our opinion, for Charliecloud, these warnings are most likely the result of real bugs and shouldn’t be hidden (i.e., they are neither random nor without purpose). Our code should have no warnings, regardless of compiler, and any spurious warnings should be silenced individually. We do not have the resources to test with a wide variety of compilers, so enabling -Werror only for development and testing, as recommended by others, means that we miss potentially important diagnostics — people typically do not pay attention to warnings, only errors.

That said, we recognize that packagers and end users just want to build the code with a minimum of hassle. Thus, we provide the configure flag:

--enable-buggy-build

Remove -Werror from CFLAGS when building.

Don’t hesitate to use it. But if you do, we would very much appreciate if you:

  1. File a bug explaining why! We’ll fix it.

  2. Remove it from your package or procedure once we fix that bug.

1.1.3.4. Disable bundled Lark package: --disable-bundled-lark

This option is minimally supported and not recommended. Use only if you really know what you are doing.

Charliecloud uses the Python package Lark for parsing Dockerfiles and image references. Because this package is developed rapidly, and recent versions have important features and bug fixes not yet available in common distributions, we bundle the package with Charliecloud.

If you prefer a separately-installed Lark, either via system packages or pip, you can use ./configure --disable-bundled-lark. This excludes the bundled Lark from being installed or placed in make dist tarballs. It does not remove the bundled Lark from the source directory; if you run from the source directory (i.e., without installing), the bundled Lark will be used if present regardless of this option.

Bundled Lark is included in the tarballs we distribute. You can remove it and re-build configure with ./autogen.sh --rm-lark --no-lark. If you are starting from a Git checkout, bundled Lark is installed by default by ./autogen.sh, but you can prevent this with ./autogen.sh --no-lark.

The main use case for these options is to support package maintainers. If this is you and does not meet your needs, please get in touch with us and we will help.

1.2. Install with package manager

Charliecloud is also available using a variety of distribution and third-party package managers.

Maintained by us:

  • Spack; install with +builder to get ch-image.

  • Fedora/EPEL; check for available versions with {yum,dnf} list charliecloud.

Maintained by others:

Note that Charliecloud development moves quickly, so double-check that packages have the version and features you need.

Pull requests and other collaboration to improve the packaging situation are particularly welcome!

1.3. Dependencies

Charliecloud’s philosophy on dependencies is that they should be (1) minimal and (2) granular. For any given feature, we try to implement it with the minimum set of dependencies, and in any given environment, we try to make the maximum set of features available.

This section documents Charliecloud’s dependencies in detail. Do you need to read it? If you are installing Charliecloud on the same system where it will be used, probably not. configure will issue a report saying what will and won’t work. Otherwise, it may be useful to gain an understanding of what to expect when deploying Charliecloud.

Note that we do not rigorously track dependency versions. We update the minimum versions stated below as we encounter problems, but they are not tight bounds and may be out of date. It is worth trying even if your version is documented to be too old. Please let us know any success or failure reports.

Finally, the run-time dependencies are lazy; specific features just try to use their dependencies and fail if there’s a problem, hopefully with a useful error message. In other words, there’s no version checking or whatnot that will keep you from using a feature unless it truly doesn’t work in your environment.

1.3.1. User namespaces

Charliecloud’s fundamental principle of a workflow that is fully unprivileged end-to-end requires unprivileged user namespaces. In order to enable them, you need a vaguely recent Linux kernel with the feature compiled in and active.

Some distributions need configuration changes. For example:

  • Debian Stretch needs sysctl kernel.unprivileged_userns_clone=1.

  • RHEL/CentOS 7.4 and 7.5 need both a kernel command line option and a sysctl. RHEL/CentOS 7.6 and up need only the sysctl. Note that Docker does not work with user namespaces, so skip step 4 of the Red Hat instructions, i.e., don’t add --userns-remap to the Docker configuration (see issue #97).

Note: User namespaces always fail in a chroot with EPERM. If configure detects that it’s in a chroot, it will print a warning in its report. One common scenario where this comes up is packaging, where builds often happen in a chroot. However, like all the run-time configure tests, this is informational only and does not affect the build.

1.3.2. Supported architectures

Charliecloud should work on any architecture supported by the Linux kernel, and we have run Charliecloud containers on x86-64, ARM, and Power. However, it is currently tested only on x86_64 and ARM.

Most builders are also fairly portable; e.g., see Docker’s supported platforms.

1.3.3. Details by feature

This section is a comprehensive listing of the specific dependencies and versions by feature group. It is autogenerated from the definitive source, configure.ac.

Listed versions are minimums, with the caveats above. Everything needs a POSIX shell and utilities.

The next section contains notes about some of the dependencies.

1.3.3.1. Building Charliecloud

required:

  • C99 compiler

ch-run internal SquashFS mounting:

  • enabled

  • libfuse3

  • libsquashfuse_ll

  • ll.h header

documentation:

  • sphinx-build ≥ 1.2.3

  • sphinx-build Python

  • “docutils” module ≥ 0.14

  • “sphinx-rtd-theme” module ≥ 0.2.4

1.3.3.2. Building images via our wrappers

with Buildah:

  • Buildah ≥ 1.11.2

with ch-image:

  • enabled

  • Python shebang line

  • Python in shebang ≥ 3.6

  • “lark” module

  • “requests” module ≥ 2.6.0

  • ch-run

with Docker:

  • Docker ≥ 17.03

  • mktemp

1.3.3.3. Managing container images

build from Dockerfile with ch-build:

  • at least one builder

  • access to an image repository

pack images from builder storage to tarball:

  • at least one builder

pack images from builder storage to SquashFS:

  • at least one builder

  • mksquashfs ≥ 4.2

Note: Pulling/pushing images from/to a repository is currently done using the builder directly.

1.3.3.4. Running containers

ch-run:

  • user+mount namespaces

run SquashFS images:

  • manual mount with SquashFUSE ≥ 0.1.100

  • internal mount with libsquashfuse

inject nVidia GPU libraries:

  • nvidia-container-cli ≥ 1.0.0

  • nVidia libraries & executables present

1.3.3.5. Test suite

basic tests, all stages:

  • test suite enabled

  • ch-run

  • any builder above

  • access to Docker Hub or mirror

  • Bats ≥ 0.4.0

  • Bash ≥ 4.1

  • wget ≥ 1.11

more complete tests:

  • basic tests

  • documentation built

  • ShellCheck ≥ 0.6.0

  • generic sudo

recommended tests, tar-unpack mode:

  • basic tests

  • more tests

recommended tests, squash-unpack mode:

  • basic tests

  • more tests

  • pack/unpack SquashFS images

recommended tests, squash-mount mode:

  • recommended, squash-unpack mode:

  • internal SquashFS mounting

1.3.4. Notes on specific dependencies

This section describes additional details we have learned about some of the dependencies. Note that most of these are optional. It is in alphabetical order by dependency.

1.3.4.1. Bash

When Bash is needed, it’s because:

  • Shell scripting is a lot easier in Bash than POSIX shell, so we use it for scripts applicable in contexts where it’s very likely Bash is already available.

  • It is required by our testing framework, Bats.

1.3.4.2. Bats

Bats (“Bash Automated Testing System”) is a test framework for tests written as Bash shell scripts.

Upstream Bats is unmaintained, but widely available. Both version 0.4.0, which tends to be in distributions, and upstream master branch (commit 0360811) should work. There is a maintained fork called Bats-core, but the test suite currently does not pass with it; see issue #582. Patches welcome!

1.3.4.3. Buildah

Charliecloud uses Buildah’s “rootless” mode and ignore-chown-errors storage configuration for a fully unprivileged workflow with no sudo and no setuid binaries. Note that in this mode, images in Buildah internal storage will have all user and group ownership flattened to UID/GID 0.

If you prefer a privileged workflow, Charliecloud can also use Buildah with setuid helpers newuidmap and newgidmap. This will not remap ownership.

To configure Buildah in rootless mode, make sure your config files are in ~/.config/containers and they are correct. Particularly if your system also has configuration in /etc/containers, problems can be very hard to diagnose.

1.3.4.4. C compiler

We test with GCC. Core team members use whatever version comes with their distribution.

In principle, any C99 compiler should work. Please let us know any success or failure reports.

Intel icc is not supported because it links extra shared libraries that our test suite can’t deal with. See PR #481.

1.3.4.5. image repository access

FROM instructions in Dockerfiles and image pushing/pulling require access to an image repository and configuring the builder for that repository. Options include:

  • Docker Hub, or other public repository such as gitlab.com or NVIDIA’s NCG container registry.

  • A private Docker-compatible registry, such as a private Docker Hub or GitLab instance.

  • Filesystem directory, for builders that support this (e.g., ch-image).

1.3.4.6. Python

We use Python for scripts that would be really hard to do in Bash, when we think Python is likely to be available.

1.3.4.7. ShellCheck

ShellCheck is a very thorough and capable linter for shell scripts. In order to pass the full test suite, all the shell scripts need to pass ShellCheck.

While it is widely available in distributions, the packaged version is usually too old. Building from source is tricky because it’s a Haskell program, which isn’t a widely available tool chain. Fortunately, the developers provide pre-compiled static binaries on their GitHub page.

1.3.4.8. Sphinx

We use Sphinx to build the documentation; the theme is sphinx-rtd-theme.

Minimum versions are listed above. Note that while anything greater than the minimum should yield readable documentation, we don’t test quality with anything other than what we use to build the website, which is usually but not always the most recent version available on PyPI.

If you’re on Debian Stretch or some version of Ubuntu, installing with pip3 will silently install into ~/.local, leaving the sphinx-build binary in ~/.local/bin, which is often not on your path. One workaround (untested) is to run pip3 as root, which violates principle of least privilege. A better workaround, assuming you can write to /usr/local, is to add the undocumented and non-standard --system argument to install in /usr/local instead. (This matches previous pip behavior.) See Debian bugs 725848 and 820856.

1.3.4.9. SquashFS and SquashFUSE

The SquashFS workflow requires SquashFS Tools to create SquashFS archives.

To mount these archives using ch-run’s internal code, you need:

  • libfuse3 including development files, which is probably available in your distribution (e.g., libfuse3-dev), and

  • a very recent version of SquashFUSE that has the libsquashfuse_ll shared library. At the time of this writing (August 2021), this is probably commit 56a24f6 or newer, and there is no versioned release yet. This must be installed, though it can be a non-standard location; ch-run can’t link with libsquashfuse in the latter’s build directory.

Without these, you can still use a SquashFS workflow but must mount and unmount the filesystem archives manually. You can do this using the executables that come with SquashFUSE, and the version requirement is much less stringent.

Note

If libfuse2 development files are available but those for libfuse3 are not, SquashFUSE will still build and install, but the proper components will not be available, so Charliecloud’s configure will say it’s not found.

1.3.4.10. sudo, generic

Privilege escalation via sudo is used in the test suite to:

  • Prepare fixture directories for testing filesystem permissions enforcement.

  • Test ch-run’s behavior under different ownership scenarios.

(Note that Charliecloud also uses sudo docker; see above.)

1.3.4.11. Wget

Wget is used to demonstrate building an image without a builder (the main test image used to exercise Charliecloud itself).